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1. Inflorescence apparently lateral, with one erect bract appearing to be a continuation of the stem; sheaths without blades.
2. Stems in dense clumps; rhizomes absent; stamens 3 ................................... J. effusus
2. Stems single or few in loose clumps; rhizomes present; stamens 6.
3. Stems finely striate with long ridges; filaments longer than anthers; erect bract at
least half as long as the stem below the inflorescence; inflorescense less than 2 cm
long ........................................................................................................ J. filiformis
3. Stems smooth or irregularily ridged; filaments shorter than anthers; erect bract less
than half as long as the stem; inflorescence usually more than 2 cm long
.................................................................................................................. J. arcticus
1. Inflorescence terminal, subtended by two or more spreading bracts or leaves; some or all sheaths with blades.
4. Inflorescence of 2-5 flowers; perianth whitish or pink [rare bog plant]
....................................................................................................................... J. stygius
4. Inflorescence of more than 5 flowers; perianth green, tan, or brown.
5. Leaves equitant (i.e. folded lengthwise on the midrib, the blades fitting together
tongue-in -groove); stems strongly flattened [rare plant from Ashland Co.]
............................................................................................................... J. ensifolius
5. Leaves terete, tubular and hollow, or flat but not folded over.
6. Inflorescence at least one-fourth the height of the stem; bulblets present
or plants annual.
7. Tufted annuals; leaves unranked, without auricles; flowers present, bulblets
absent; perianth subtended by small paired bracts ........................... J. bufonius
7. Rhizomatous perennials, often partially submersed; leaves two-ranked, with
auricles; many flowers replaced by small leafy bulblets; perianth without
subtending bracts .......................................................................... J. pelocarpus
6. Inflorescence usually less than one-fourth the height of the stem; perennials
without bulblets.
8. Most or all flowers single, or paired, and subtended by small paired bracts;
flowers on pedicels in most species; blades flat or terete, not hollow and
septate.
9. Blades of some leaves arising near middle of stem; rhizome slender and
elongate; sepal tips obtuse and incurved.
10. Anther more than 1 mm long, more than twice as long as filament;
capsule ellipsoid-ovoid, about as long as perianth; stems dark green,
terete ............................................................................................. J. gerardii
10. Anther less than 1 mm long, less than twice as long as filament;
capsule obovoid, longer than the perianth; stems glaucous, slightly
flattened ................................................................................. J. compressus
9. Blades clustered near base of stem; rhizome short and densely branching
or absent; sepal tips acute or obtuse and erect to spreading.
11. Leaf blades terete; tepals erect; seeds often more than 0.6 mm long.
12. Sepals and petals obtuse; seeds without tails; stems usually single
............................................................................................. J. squarrosus
12. Sepals and petals acute to acuminate; seeds with tails; stems
usually few to many.
13. Inflorescence greenish, with a stiff bract 1-8 cm long; seeds with a
tail at least half as long as body of seed; capsule green or golden-tan
................................................................................................. J. vaseyi
13. Inflorescence brownish, with flexuous bracts 5-25 cm long; seeds
with minute tails ................................................................. J. greenei
11. Leaf blades flat, although often inrolled except at tip; tepals spreading,
green; seeds less than 0.6 mm long.
14. Auricles at summit of leaf sheath 3-6 mm long, pointed, membranous,
semi-transparent.
15. Capsule less than 3/4 as long as tepals, well-separated along branches
of inflorescence; most plants 70-90 cm tall ...................... J. anthelatus
15. Capsule about as long as tepals, more-or-less crowded together;
most plants less than 70 cm tall ............................................... J. tenuis
14. Auricles less than 1 mm long, blunt or pointed, thin or leathery.
16. Auricles thin, white or purplish; anthers 0.2-0.6 mm long;
tepals erect at fruiting stage .................................................. J. interior
16. Auricles leathery, yellowish; anthers 0.6-1 mm long; tepals
spreading in fruiting stage ..................................................... J. dudleyi
8. Most flowers in heads or glomerules of 3-many and lacking paired bracts at base;
pedicels few or none; blades septate (i.e. tubular and hollow with
cross-partitions), except in J. marginatus.
17. Blades flat, relatively lax; stem slightly flattened, with bulbous base; anthers
purplish, shriveling after dehiscence ............................................ J. marginatus
17. Blades septate, stiff; stems terete, without bulbous base; anthers yellow,
retaining same shape after dehiscence.
18. Flowers in dense spherical heads; capsules subulate (i.e. widest at base,
long-tapered to apex); stems arising singly from threadlike tuber-bearing
rhizome.
19. Flowers reddish-brown; sepals 2.5-3.5 mm long, about as long as the
petals; auricles less than 2 mm long ......................................... J. nodosus
19. Flowers green or dull brown; sepals 3.5-5.5 mm long, longer than the
petals; auricles more than 2 mm long .......................................... J. torreyi
18. Flowers usually in hemispherical heads; capsules ovoid, ellipsoid,
or obovoid, widest above base; stems tufted; rhizome relatively thick and
lacking tubers, or rhizome absent.
20. Stamens 6; rhizome present.
21. Branches of inflorescence spreading at more than a 30 degree angle;
inflorescence less than twice as high as wide; sepals acuminate
............................................................................................ J. articulatus
21. Branches of inflorescence stiffly erect; inflorescence more than twice
as high as wide; sepals blunt, slightly longer than the petals
................................................................................. J. alpinoarticulatus
20. Stamens usually 3, rarely 6 in species with long white tails on seed;
rhizome absent.
22. Most heads with more than 8 flowers; mature capsules equalling
or slightly exceeding the perianth; stems often more than 70 cm tall.
23. Seeds 1.1-1.9 mm long, with pale tails at both ends; sepals shorter
than the petals ................................................................ J. canadensis
23. Seeds 0.3-0.4 mm long, without pale tails; sepals at least as long as
the petals ...................................................................... J. acuminatus
22. Most heads with less than 8 flowers; mature capsules much exceeding
the perianth; stems less than 70 cm tall.
24. Sepals obtuse, 1.8-2.5 mm long, shorter than the petals, with wide
hyaline margins; inflorescence branches spreading
.............................................................................. J. brachycephalus
24. Sepals acute, 2.3-3.1 mm long, about as long as the petals, with
narrow hyaline margins; inflorescence branches nearly erect
.................................................................................. J. brevicaudatus
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