Biology 342/542, Vascular Plant Taxonomy
Biology 342/542
Fall 2004
Grading and Attendance
Schedule for Fall 2004
Books, Materials, Websites
Plants to Learn List
Terms to Know
Emmet J. Judziewicz, CNR 301, (715)-346-4248
Office hours: 10-11 AM on Monday and Wednesday or by appointment
Vascular plant taxonomy covers a large field. There are over 250,000 species of vascular plants in the world. Only two other groups traditionally covered in advanced university course deal with larger groups - insects and invertebrates. No other group of organisms approaches vascular plants in economic and ecological importance. In part because of the importance of vascular plants to the development of medicine, pharmacology, and agricultural, the volume of literature in plant taxonomy exceeds that of all other organisms combined.
Most students can recognize at least some common trees and wildflowers and can find names for some others in popular field guides before beginning a plant taxonomy course. However, identification of all of the plants of an area requires the ability to use the standard identification manuals which include all of the vascular plants, such as the Gleason and Cronquist Manual of Vascular Plants of the Northeastern United States and Adjacent Canada (the popular field guides include 10% or less of the species of this same area). Identification requires knowledge of structures and terms and practice in using the keys.
The ability to name plants in the field also requires a good memory. The key to developing a good memory for plants is learning to group similar plants together. Plant families have proven to be a useful unit. Unlike a person who has learned only some common plants of a local flora, the person who knows the larger plant families can quickly begin learning the local flora of a new area.
The objectives of this course are to develop the knowledge and skills to learn the plants of any area. We will concentrate on learning the flora of Wisconsin, but students are expected to know the most common families of plants worldwide, first by memorizing some key characteristics, then learning them through reinforcement. Students are also expected to develop skill and confidence in keying out unknowns through practice.
Letter grades will be based entirely on the total points accumulated by the student on the following scale based on 580 points in the course:
93% and above, 537 points or more = A
90-92%, 520-536 points = A-
88-89% 508-519 points = B+
83-87% 479-507 points = B
80-82% 462-478 points = B-
78-79% 450-461 points = C+
73-77% 421-449 points = C
70-72% 404-420 points = C-
68-69% 392-403 points = D+
60-67% 346-391 points = D
below 59.5% 345 points or less = F
Bonus points earned on the collection count in the above totals, even though it could bring the number of points earned in the course to 605.
There is no "curve" or quota for any letter grade. The grading scale will not be adjusted based on class performance. Cheating will not be tolerated. There is no "curve" or quota for any letter grade. The grading scale will not be adjusted based on class performance. Cheating will not be tolerated. The only excuses for missing a lecture exam are 1) illness (doctor’s excuse required), 2) serious illness in your immediate family, 3) participation in a scheduled UWSP athletic event, or 4) attendance at a scheduled academic conference or field trip. In the case or 3) and 4), please let me know as far in advance as possible so I can plan on re-scheduling your exam.
Attendance does not figure directly in the grades, but for each lecture exam, I may include up to 25% of the questions based solely on material presented in my lectures and not included in the lab manual or text. Also, the amount of material requires regular attendance and students usually need to spend extra time in lab to review for tests and to prepare their collection due at the end of the semester.
The tests include the following:
Exam 1. Introductory material and pteridophytes. 70 points. Thursday, September 23, 2004.
Exam 2. Gymnosperms. Structures and terms. 70 points. Tuesday, October 12, 2004.
Exam 3. Families, genera, and species of the Magnoliidae, Hamamelidae, Caryophyllidae, and Dilleniidae. 100 points. Thursday, November 4, 2004.
Exam 4. Families, genera, and species of the Rosidae and Asteridae, excluding the Asteraceae. 100 points. Tuesday, November 30, 2004.
Exam 5 (Final). Families, genera, and species of the Asteraceae, and the Liliopsida. 100 points. Tuesday, December 21, 2004.
Twelve unannounced keying out quizzes will be given during the second hour of most of the labs, beginning on Thursday, 21 October 2004. Each quiz will be worth 10 points, with 4 points for the flower formula, 2 points for the family, 2 points for the genus, and 2 points for the species. Although you may use any books and notes you wish, all unknowns will be in the Gleason and Cronquist Manual, but not necessarily in any other book. There will be no makeup quizzes and you do not have to turn in your quiz. All quizzes turned in will count and the highest total is 100 points (that is, you can only turn in 10 quizzes). If you are unable to attend several labs because of circumstances beyond your control, you could take some additional quizzes during the other lab section to make up for the some of those you missed.
A collection of 10 specimens must be turned in by noon on Wednesday, December 22, 2004, to CNR 300. These specimens will not be returned to the student. They must be pressed, dried, and have complete labels. They are to be unmounted, loose (not taped, stapled, or glued) in folded newspapers measuring about 12" X 16," with a collection evaluation sheet on top of the collection. The collection is worth 40 points. Remember that this is primarily an exercise in technique and few, if any, points will be given for poor technique or poor labels. Read carefully the "Plant Collection Techniques and Herbaria" chapter (pages 249-258) in Freckmann Taxonomy of Vascular Plants. Note that if the name of the collector, the date, or the place of collection is inaccurate, the collection will not be accepted and the grade will be a zero. Students taking the course for graduate credit (as Biology 542) will be required to turn in 20 specimens.
Up to 10 additional specimens may be turned in for 2 bonus points each. In addition 5 bonus points will be given for typed labels or labels printed on the computer set up for labels in CNR 300.
The following schedule is based on an estimate of the time required for each topic, but could be off by a couple of days during the semester. Nevertheless, the exams will probably be given on these dates and should cover the material indicated on this schedule.
References after each entry in the schedule preceded by “J” and page numbers indicate the pages in Jones and Luchsinger, Plant Systematics, Second Edition, which cover this topic. These should be read to provide a background for the topic, but tests will not be based on material in Jones and Luchsinger unless it is also covered in Freckmann, Taxonomy of Vascular Plants. The references after each schedule entry consisting of “F” plus page numbers indicate the pages in Freckmann, Taxonomy of Vascular Plants that cover the lecture and lab material for that date. This sequence of topics for the angiosperms also follows exactly the sequence in Gleason and Cronquist, Manual of Vascular Plants, Second Edition.
Sept. 2 (Thursday lab) Handouts on course materials, schedules, plants-to-learn lists, grading, etc. Plant collection techniques and an explanation of the collection requirement. “The Myth of the Fully Catalogued Flora”. F249-258, J188-206.
Week 2
Sept. 7 (Tuesday lab) Field Trip I: to the Schmeeckle Reserve (north end of campus). Meet at gazebo at Reserve Street and Maria Drive.
Sept. 8 (Wednesday lecture). Introduction to taxonomy, classification, and binomial nomenclature; the genus and species; the species problem. F1-17; J1-78.
Sept. 9 (Thursday lab). Construction and use of keys. F20; J207-215; 253-260.
Week 3
Sept. 13 Infraspecific taxa. Phylogeny of vascular plants. F13-19, 29-31; J157-187.
Sept. 14 Field Trip II: To the Robert and Sally Freckmann Arboretum. Meet in parking lot on west side of CNR building for van transportation.
Sept. 15 Fern Allies (Rhyniophyta through Equisetophyta). F31-38; J261-271.
Sept. 16 Fern Allies.
Week 4
Sept. 20 Polypodiophyta (true ferns). F39-52; J278-292 in part.
Sept. 21 Ferns.
Sept. 22 Begin Pinophyta. F53-58; J278-292 in part.
Sept. 23 Lecture and lab exam on introductory material and pteridophytes.
Week 5
Sept. 27 Pinophyta.
Sept. 28 Finish Pinophyta. Introduction to Magnoliophyta. F59-63; J216 & 217.
Sept. 29 Vegetative structures and terms. F63-71; J217-232 & 234-236.
Sept 30 Vegetative structures and terms.
Week 6
Oct. 4 Inflorescences; flowers, fruits. F72-86; J245-249; J293-304.
Oct. 5 Structures and terms of flowers.
Oct. 6 Magnoliopsida and phylogenetic arrangement of angiosperm families; begin Magnoliopsida. F87-97; J305-311.
Oct. 7 Fruit types. Writing floral formulas.
Week 7
Oct. 11 Finish Magnoliidae. F98-102; J312-318.
Oct. 12 Lecture and lab exam on gymnosperms, structures and terms.
Oct. 13 Begin Hamamelidae. F103-111; J319-324.
Oct. 14 Magnoliidae. Practice keying unknowns.
Oct. 18 Finish Hamamelidae. F112-114.
Oct. 19 Hamamelidae. Practice keying unknowns.
Oct. 20 Begin Caryophyllidae. F115-121; J324-331.
Oct. 21 Begin Caryophyllidae. Begin keying-out quizzes. (Note: There will be a keying-out quiz the last 40 minutes of most labs from this day through the end of the semester).
Oct. 25 Finish Caryophyllidae. Begin Dilleniidae. F122-133; J331-337.
Oct. 26 Finish Caryophyllidae, begin Dilleniidae.
Oct. 27 Continue Dilleniidae. F134-140; J337-342.
Oct. 28 Continue Dilleniidae.
Nov. 1 Finish Dilleniidae. F141-145; J342-349.
Nov. 2 Finish Dilleniidae.
Nov. 3 Begin Rosidae. F146-154; J349-356.
Nov. 4 Lecture and lab exam on Magnoliidae, Hamamelidae, Caryophyllidae, and Dilleniidae.
Nov. 8 Continue Rosidae. F155-161; J356-362.
Nov. 9 Begin Rosidae.
Nov. 10 Continue Rosidae. F162-171; J362-371.
Nov. 11 Continue Rosidae.
Nov. 15 Finish Rosidae. F172-184; J371-388.
Nov. 16 Finish Rosidae.
Nov. 17 Begin Asteridae. F185-190; J388-395.
Nov. 18 Begin Asteridae.
Nov. 22. Continue Asteridae. F191-195; J395-404.
Nov. 23 Continue Asteridae.
Thanksgiving Break, Thursday, November 25th to Sunday, November 28th
Nov. 29 Continue Asteridae.
Nov. 30 Lecture and lab exam on Rosidae and Asteridae except the Asteraceae.
Dec. 1 Finish Asteridae (Asteraceae). Begin Liliopsida (Monocots). F196-207; J405-414.
Dec. 2 Alismatidae & Arecidae. F207-222; J414-429.
Week 15
Dec. 6 Asteraceae; Alismatidae & Arecidae.
Dec. 7 Commelinidae. F223-234; J429-440.
Dec. 8 Commelinidae.
Dec. 9 Zingiberidae; begin Liliidae. F235-242; J440-444.
Week 16
Dec. 13 Zingiberidae. Begin Liliidae.
Dec. 14 Begin Liliidae. F243-248; J444-450.
Dec. 15 Finish Liliidae.
Dec. 16 Finish Liliidae.
Week 17 (final exam)
Dec. 21 (Tuesday) 10:15 a.m. - 12:15 p.m. Lecture and lab exam on Asteraceae and Liliopsida. A-L Meet in CNR 120 at 10:15 a.m.; M-Z meet in CNR 300 at 10:15; switch rooms after an hour.
Dec. 22 (Wednesday). Collection due in CNR 300 by noon.
BIOLOGY 342/542 BOOKS, MATERIALS, WEBSITES
Books From Text Rental
Text and reference: Jones and Luchsinger, Plant Systematics, Second Edition.
Lab Manual and Identification Reference: Gleason and Cronquist, Manual of Vascular Plants of Northeastern United States and Adjacent Canada, Second Edition.
Required Purchase
Freckmann, Robert F., The Taxonomy of Vascular Plants, A Text to Accompany the Second Edition of Gleason and Cronquist Manual of Vascular Plants, 2000 edition. ($9.00, available in CNR building, room 477, September 2-3; afterwards available in the Biology Department Office, CNR 167)
Useful Books (not required) in the University Bookstore
Harris and Harris, Plant Identification Terminology. $17.95
Newcombe, Wildflower Guide. $17.95
Peterson, Wildflowers. $16.95
Thomson, Fassett's Spring Flora of Wisconsin, 4th Edition. $14.95
Symonds, The Tree Identification Book. $17.95
Brockmann and Merrilees, Trees of North America. $11.95
Petrides, Trees and Shrubs. $15.95
Useful Regional Floras (not in University Bookstore)
Holmgren, Illustrated Companion to Gleason & Cronquists’s Manual. $125.00. If you are going to be doing any serious plant identification in your career, this book is highly recommended.
Voss, Michigan Flora (3 volumes, $15.00 each – a real bargain). Useful except in SW Wisconsin. Keys, some pictures. Excellent for aquatics, grasses, and sedges.
Swink & Wilhelm, Flora of the Chicago Region, $40.00. Useful throughout southern Wisconsin. Keys and extensive habitat and associate information, but no pictures.
Equipment
A dissecting kit of at least two sharp needles, one forceps, and a mm ruler. Dissecting kits can be checked out from the Biology stockroom, CNR 193C, for the semester.
A hand lens, 10-15X, is quite useful, but not required. Good hand lenses are available from the Museum of Natural History sales counter in the Library for about $ 8.00.
A plant press can be checked out for two weeks from the Biology stockroom (CNR193C).
Websites
Plants of Wisconsin (http://wisplants.uwsp.edu/VascularPlants.html). As of Sep. 2004, there are 2,950 distribution maps, and 7,583 pictures of 2,628 taxa; checklist of Wisconsin plants; plant communities of Wisconsin; news events; botany links.
Wisconsin Vascular Plants (UW-Madison) (http://www.botany.wisc.edu/herbarium/) distribution maps, pictures; checklist of Wisconsin plants; prairie and savanna atlas; news events; botany links.
Angiosperm Phylogeny Website (http://www.mobot.org/mobot/research/APweb). A consensus-based evolutionary tree of the flowering plant families. Frequently updated.
USDA Plants Database (http://plants.usda.gov/): Searchable information on 20,000 U.S. plant species, many with images; links to state websites. Unfortunately this site is slow to load.
“Topozone”: Online USGS topographic maps for all the U.S. You can put the cursor on a spot on the map and get its exact latitude/longitude (http://www.topozone.com) -- A useful feature for plant collections.
University of Minnesota Vascular Plant Collection: Databased info on all plant collections in the U. of Minnesota herbarium: Able to generate lists for counties, townships, parks. (http://www.cbs.umn.edu/herbarium/index.html):
Learn to recognize the following families, genera, and species for sight recognition (without books or notes) on the lab portions of the major tests. You should learn the scientific names, although you may substitute the common names given on this list for up to one-third of your answers. The material on the lab exam will be live material (either recently collected or grown in the greenhouse) whenever possible. Otherwise the material will consist of pressed specimens, sometimes with drawings,
photographs, pickled material, or thawed frozen material. Because these materials will not be the same specimens or photographs used in the study sets (and in the case of families or genera for recognition, they may not be the same species), you should learn to recognize these taxa by their main taxonomic features (such as flower formulas, fruit type, etc.). There will usually be material available for dissection or observation under the microscope during the exam for specimens that need this type of observation.
Specimens of each family, genus, or genus and species on this list will be on demonstration during the regular scheduled lab covering the unit and will remain on demonstration until the next lab is set up. A study set of specimens will be posted in the hall display cases until the exam over the unit. Slides of most of the plants on the list are available on the internet on the Plants of Wisconsin website at http://wisplants.uwsp.edu/VascularPlants.html. No materials may be removed from the lab. The lab is usually open weekdays from about 8:00 a.m. until about 10:00 p.m. EXCEPT when during the agrostology and aquatic vascular plant labs (Monday and Tuesday afternoons from 2-5 p.m.). The lab will be open on weekends if you can get into the building (there’s no predicting when the building will be locked or unlocked on weekends). Copies of old lecture exams are posted in the Biol. 342 course public folders on the UWSP intranet.
First Exam
The first exam will be given in lab on September 23 and will count for 70 points out of the 600 total points for the course. A small portion of the test will cover the introductory lecture material on Linnaeus, classification, the nature of genera and species, etc. Most of the test will cover the pteridophytes (Rhyniophyta, Lycopodiophyta, Equisetophyta. and Polypodiophyta); up to 25% of the lecture exam may come from material covered only in lecture and not necessarily in the textbook, lab manual, or course intranet folder. The lab portion may cover some terms and structures (e.g. the parts of a fern), but will emphasize sight recognition of the genera and species of pteridophytes on the following list.
PTERIDOPHYTES
Lycopodium subg. Lycopodium clubmosses or ground pines
Lycopodium subg. Huperzia shining clubmosses
Lycopodium subg. Diphasiastrum ground cedar clubmosses
Selaginella spikemoss
Isoetes quillwort
Equisetum horsetail
Equisetum arvense field horsetail
Equisetum hyemale scouring-rush
Osmunda claytoniana interrupted fern
Osmunda cinnamomea cinnamon fern
Osmunda regalis royal fern
Botrychium grape fern, moonwort
Gymnocarpium oak fern
Dryopteris shield fern, wood fern
Phegopteris beech fern
Athyrium lady fern
Polypodium polypody fern
Pteridium bracken fern
Adiantum maidenhair fern
Onoclea sensitive fern
Matteuccia
ostrich fern
Second Exam.
The second exam, worth 70 points, will be given in lab on October 12. It will cover structures and terms, but will not require writing flower formulas. Much of the lab part of the test (50 points) will be given from slides and you will be asked for the term or terms to describe the root system, stem modification, leaf arrangement, other leaf features, inflorescence type, flower characters, fruit type, etc. There will be sight identification of the gymnosperms on the list below. The lecture portion of this exam will be short (20 points) and cover only the Gymnnosperms (Pinophyta, Cordaitopsida, Ginkgopsida, Pinopsida, Pinales, Pinaceae, Taxodiaceae, Cupressaceae, Lyginopteridopsida, Bennettitopsida, Cycadopsida, and Gnetopsida); up to 25% of the lecture exam may come from material covered only in lecture and not necessarily in the textbook, lab manual, or course intranet folder.
GYMNOSPERMS
Taxus yew
Pinus pine
Pinus strobus eastern white pine
Pinus resinosa red pine
Pinus banksiana jack pine
Pinus sylvestris Scotch pine
Abies fir
Picea spruce
Picea glauca white spruce
Picea mariana black spruce
Picea abies Norway spruce
Picea pungens Colorado pungens
Tsuga hemlock
Pseudotsuga douglasfir
Larix tamarack, larch
Juniperus juniper
Juniperus communis common juniper
Juniperus virginiana red cedar
Thuja white cedar, arbor vitae
Ephedra Mormon-tea or joint-fir
Ginkgo ginkgo or maidenhair tree
Third Exam
This exam will be given in lab on Novermber 4 and will count for 100 points, with about 45 points from the lab portion and 55 from the lecture portion. The lab part of the test will be given during the first hour. It will consist primarily of sight recognition of the families, genera, and species listed below. The lecture portion will cover only the families of the Magnoliidae, Hamamelidae, Caryophyllidae, and Dilleniidae on the list below; up to 25% of the lecture exam may come from material covered only in lecture and not necessarily in the textbook, lab manual, or course intranet folder. You should know the main taxonomic characteristics of each family on this list, the relative size, distribution, ecological and economic importance of each, and some of the major components.
Families (lecture and lab):
Magnoliaceae Magnolia Family
Ranunculaceae Buttercup Family
Papaveraceae Poppy Family
Moraceae Mulberry Family
Urticaceae Nettle Family
Cactaceae Cactus Family
Chenopodiaceae Goosefoot Family
Amaranthaceae Amaranth Family
Caryophyllaceae Pink Family
Polygonaceae Smartweed Family
Malvaceae Mallow Family
Cucurbitaceae Gourd Family
Brassicaceae (Cruciferae) Mustard Family
Ericaceae Heath Family
Primulaceae Primrose Family
Genera and species (lab portion of exam only):
Nuphar yellow pond-lily, bull-lily
Nymphaea water-lily
Ulmus elm
Celtis hackberry
Juglans walnut, butternut
Carya hickory
Fagus beech
Quercus oak
Quercus alba white oak
Quercus macrocarpa bur oak
Quercus rubra northern red oak
Quercus ellipsoidalis northern pin oak, Hill's oak
Corylus hazelnut
Ostrya ironwood, hop-hornbeam
Carpinus blue-beech, hornbeam,musclewood [not ironwood]
Betula birch
Betula alleghaniensis (B. lutea) yellow birch
Betula nigra river birch, red birch
Betula papyrifera paper birch
Alnus alder
Saponaria bouncing-bet (invasive exotic)
Polygonum smartweeds, knotweeds
Hypericum St John's-wort (some species invasive exotics)
Tilia basswood, linden
Sarracenia pitcher-plant
Drosera sundew
Viola violet, pansy
Salix willow
Populus poplar
Populus grandidentata big-toothed aspen
Populus tremuloides trembling aspen, quaking aspen, popple
Populus deltoides cottonwood
Populus balsamifera balsam-poplar
Alliaria garlic mustard (invasive exotic)
Vaccinium blueberry, cranberry
Fourth Exam
This exam will be given in lab on November 30 and will also count for 100 points. The format, coverage, and point distribution will be similar to the third exam, except that the unit covered is the Rosidae and Asteridae, excluding the Asteraceae. The lecture portion of the test will cover only the families listed below; up to 25% of the lecture exam may come from material covered only in lecture and not necessarily in the textbook, lab manual, or course intranet folder. The lab portion will cover these families as well as the genera and species listed below.
Families (lecture and lab):
Crassulaceae Stonecrop Family
Rosaceae Rose Family
Mimosaceae Mimosa Family
Caesalpiniaceae Caesalpinia Family
Fabaceae (Leguminosae) Bean Family
Onagraceae Evening-primrose Family
Euphorbiaceae Spurge Family
Araliaceae Ginseng Family
Apiaceae (Umbelliferae) Carrot Family
Asclepiadaceae Milkweed Family
Solanaceae Nightshade Family
Convolvulaceae Morning Glory Family
Boraginaceae Borage Family
Lamiaceae (Labiatae) Mint Family
Scrophulariaceae Figwort Family
Campanulaceae Bellflower Family
Rubiaceae Madder Family
Genera and species (lab portion of exam only):
Ribes currant, gooseberry
Spiraea spiraea, meadowsweet, steeplebush
Rubus bramble, blackberry, raspberry, dewberry
Rosa rose
Fragaria strawberry
Potentilla cinquefoil
Prunus cherry, plum, peach, apricot
Crataegus hawthorn
Robinia black locust (invasive exotic)
Trifolium clover
Melilotus sweet-clover (invasive exotic)
Medicago sativa alfalfa
Lythrum purple loosestrife (some species invasive exotics)
Cornus dogwood, bunchberry
Euphorbia spurge (some species invasive exotics)
Rhamnus cathartica common buckthorn
Rhamnus frangula glossy buckthorn
Acer maple
Acer negundo box-elder
Acer platanoides Norway maple
Acer rubrum red maple
Acer saccharinum silver maple
Acer saccharum sugar maple
Rhus sumac
Toxicodendron poison-ivy, poison-sumac
Pastinaca (invasive exotic)
Plantago plantain
Gentiana gentian
Asclepias milkweed
Fraxinus americana white ash
Fraxinus nigra black ash
Fraxinus pennsylvanica green (or red) ash
Galium bedstraw
Lonicera honeysuckle
Sambucus elderberry
Viburnum viburnum, nannyberry, high-bush cranberry
Fifth (Final) Exam
This exam is worth 100 points and will be given at 10:15 a.m. on Tuesday, December 21 with half of you (A-L) meeting in the lecture hall, CNR 120 and the other half (M-Z) in the lab, CNR 300. The groups will switch at 11 a.m. The lecture portion will cover the families of the Liliopsida (Monocots) listed below and the Asteraceae; up to 25% of the lecture exam may come from material covered only in lecture and not necessarily in the textbook, lab manual, or course intranet folder. The lab portion will include some structures and sight recognition of the families, genera, and genera and species on the list.
Families (lecture and lab):
Asteraceae (Compositae) Aster Family
Alismataceae (Alismaceae) Water-plantain Family
Arecaceae (Palmae) Palm Family
Araceae Arum (Calla-lily) Family
Lemnaceae Duckweed Family
Commelinaceae Spiderwort Family
Juncaceae Rush Family
Cyperaceae Sedge Family
Poaceae (Gramineae) Grass Family
Bromeliaceae Bromeliad (Pineapple) Family
Liliaceae Lily Family
Iridaceae Iris Family
Orchidaceae Orchid Family
Genera and species (Lab portion of exam only):
Helianthus sunflower
Ambrosia ragweed
Solidago goldenrod
Aster aster
Liatris blazing-star
Eupatorium Joe-pye-weed, boneset, white snakeroot
Centaurea maculosa (C. biebersteinii) spotted knapweed
Cirsium thistle
Hieracium hawkweed
Taraxacum dandelion
Arisaema jack-in-the-pulpit
Carex sedge
Avena oats
Triticum wheat
Secale rye
Phragmites giant reed
Andropogon bluestem
Typha cattail
Cypripedium lady-slipper, moccasin-flower
Biology 342
Annual
Biennial
Perennial
Tap root
Fibrous root
Adventitious roots
Blade
Leaflet
Petiole
Stipule
Thorn
Spine
Prickle
Scape
Bulb
Corm
Rhizome
Tuber
Stolon
Whorled
Opposite
Alternate
Rosette
Pinnately compound
Palmately compound
Parallel venation
Net venation
Linear
Lanceolate
Ovate
Elliptical
Obovate
Oblanceolate
Spatulate
Oblong
Orbicular
Deltoid
Sagittate
Hastate
Acuminate
Acute
Obtuse or rounded
Truncate
Mucronate
Cuspidate
Emarginate or retuse
Cuneate
Cordate
Oblique
Clasping
Perfoliate
Entire
Wavy or undulate
Serrate
Dentate
Crenate
Lobed
Incised
Glabrous
Glaucous
Viscid
Glandular
Punctate
Stellate
Uncinate
Scabrous
Strigose
Hirsute or hispid
Pubescent
Puberulent
Pilose
Villous or sericeous or lanate or velutinous
Tomentose
Peduncle
Pedicel
Solitary
Dichasial cyme or dichasium
Scorpioid cyme
Axillary
Raceme
Spike
Spathe
Spadix
Catkin or ament
Corymb
Umbel
Compound umbel
Head
Panicle
Cyathium
Receptacle
Calyx
Sepal
Corolla
Petal
Tepal
Complete flower
Incomplete flower
Perfect flower
Imperfect flower
Monoecious
Dioecious
Actinomorphic or regular or radially symmetrical
Zygomorphic or irregular or bilaterally symmetrical
Androecium
Stamen
Filament
Anther
Monodelphous
Diadelphous
Synanthrous
Gynoecium
Carpel
Superior Ovary
Hypanthium
Hypogynous
Perigynous
Inferior Ovary
Epigynous
Stigma
Style
Ovary
Locule or chamber
Region of placentation or suture
Basal placentation
Axile placentation
Parietal placentation
Free central placentation
Berry
Pepo
Pome
Drupe
Follicle
Legume
Capsule
Silique
Schizocarp
Nut
Achene
Caryopsis
Samara
Aggregate fruit
Accessory fruit
Multiple fruit